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Dive in!","relatedArticles":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles?category=33662&offset=0&size=5"}},"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"}},"relatedCategoriesLoadedStatus":"success"},"listState":{"list":{"count":10,"total":8562,"items":[{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:52:00+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-07T20:49:15+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-08T00:01:09+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Environmental Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33763"},"slug":"environmental-science","categoryId":33763}],"title":"Environmental Science For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"environmental science for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"environmental-science-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn about the study of environmental science, including important legislation, ecosystems, sustainable principles, and more.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Environmental science is a field of study focused on Earth’s environment and the resources it provides to every living organism, including humans. Environmental scientists focus on studying the environment and everything in it and finding sustainable solutions to environmental issues. In particular, this means meeting the needs of human beings (and other organisms) today without damaging the environment, depleting resources, or compromising the earth’s ability to meet the resource needs of the future.\r\n\r\nA sustainable solution to an environmental problem must be ecologically sound, economically viable, and culturally acceptable.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet summarizes some key aspects of what environmental scientists study.","description":"Environmental science is a field of study focused on Earth’s environment and the resources it provides to every living organism, including humans. Environmental scientists focus on studying the environment and everything in it and finding sustainable solutions to environmental issues. 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Spooner</b> teaches Earth and Environmental Sciences at a community college and enjoys developing active-learning science curriculums for adults. Alecia is also the author of <i>Geology For Dummies</i>.","authors":[{"authorId":9804,"name":"Alecia M. Spooner","slug":"alecia-m-spooner","description":"Alecia M. Spooner is the author of Geology For Dummies and Environmental Science For Dummies. She teaches earth and environmental sciences at a community college and enjoys developing active-learning science curricula for adults. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9804"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;environmental-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118167144&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624f7b457f9d3\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;environmental-science&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118167144&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624f7b457ff37\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":175597,"title":"Long-Term Impact of Key Environmental Legislation in the U.S.","slug":"long-term-impact-of-key-environmental-legislation-in-the-u-s","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175597"}},{"articleId":175590,"title":"How to Characterize a Population of Living Things","slug":"how-to-characterize-a-population-of-living-things","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175590"}},{"articleId":175589,"title":"What Defines an Ecosystem?","slug":"what-defines-an-ecosystem","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175589"}},{"articleId":175588,"title":"Working toward a More Sustainable Environment","slug":"working-toward-a-more-sustainable-environment","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","environmental-science"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/175588"}}],"content":[{"title":"Long-term impact of key environmental legislation in the U.S.","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The peak of environmental legislation in the U.S. occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1970s in particular, Congress passed a number of important laws to repair environmental damage and protect the environment from further pollution. In fact, the relatively clean and healthy environment you enjoy today is a result of the laws passed during this period (some of which have been updated multiple times since their initial passing).</p>\n<p>Here are a few of the laws that continue to have a big impact today:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Clean Air Act of 1970:</b> This law was the first to regulate air pollution on a national scale and set goals for improving air quality across the U.S. It was updated in 1990 to address ozone depletion and acid rain, in addition to overall air quality.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Clean Water Act of 1972:</b> Before this law, no rules mandated what type or amount of waste could be dumped into public waters. The Clean Water Act is viewed as one of the most successful pieces of environmental legislation because it led to dramatic improvement in water quality across the U.S.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Endangered Species Act of 1973:</b> The Endangered Species Act set up a process for legally recognizing and seeking to conserve plant and animal species in danger of extinction. As a result of this law, many species have recovered from near extinction, including the bald eagle, whooping crane, and grey wolf.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974:</b> This piece of legislation was aimed at improving public health by protecting public drinking water supplies from contamination. Amendments in 1986 and 1996 shifted the focus away from treating polluted water to protecting drinking water from pollution at its source.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>National Forest Management Act of 1976:</b> This law required that national forest resources be managed through an approach that considers how timber removal affects the ecosystem as a whole. One effect of this act is that forest management plans also evaluate non-timber land use (such as recreation).</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"How to characterize a population of living things","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Scientists who study living organisms examine them from different perspectives of complexity. The simplest level is the <i>individual.</i> Each individual is a member of a population. Each <i>population</i> is made up of a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and interact with each other.</p>\n<p>Many different populations together make up a <i>community,</i> and many different communities interact with one another in an <i>ecosystem.</i> A group of ecosystems that interact with one another is called a <i>biome</i>, and all the biomes on the globe make up the Earth’s <i>biosphere.</i></p>\n<p>Examining populations, specifically, is useful because they grow, decline, and respond to their environment together. Scientists use a few common measurements to characterize populations:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Size:</b> The <i>size</i> of a population is the number of individuals that make it up.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Density:</b> The <i>density</i> of a population is the number of individuals (population size) in relation to the area they inhabit.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Distribution:</b> The <i>distribution</i> of a population indicates where the individuals are located across the environment they occupy. For example, although 1,000 honeybees may live in your backyard, most of them stay in the hive, while only a few fly around to the flowers.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Sex ratio:</b> The <i>sex ratio</i> of a population is the number of males versus females.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Age structure:</b> The <i>age structure</i> of a population describes how many individuals fall into different age classes. For example, some populations consist mainly of young individuals, while others include individuals spread across many ages.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"What defines an ecosystem?","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The basic unit of study in environmental science is the ecosystem. An <i>ecosystem</i> consists of a biological community and its physical environment. Here are the most important things you need to know about ecosystems:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An ecosystem can be as small as a drop of water or as large as a forest.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Some ecosystems (such as caves) have clear boundaries, while others (such as forests) do not.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An ecosystem provides the organisms that live in it what they need to survive: food (energy), water, and shelter.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">All the biological processes in an ecosystem run on energy captured from the sun.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Energy moves around an ecosystem through the food web.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">The number of producers (or plants) in an ecosystem determines that ecosystem’s productivity potential.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">An ecosystem recycles matter through the process of decomposition.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Ecosystems provide services, such as food production (farmland), water filtering (wetlands), carbon removal, raw material production (timber, rubber), and aesthetic value.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Because many modern human societies get their food, water, and other resources from all over the planet, you can consider the entire globe to be the human ecosystem.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Working toward a more sustainable environment","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Environmental science is all about finding ways to live more sustainably, which means using resources today in a way that maintains their supplies for the future. Environmental sustainability doesn’t mean living without luxuries, but rather being aware of your resource consumption and reducing unnecessary waste.</p>\n<p>The following sustainability measures start small with what you can do individually to take better care of the Earth; the list then branches out to cover more far-reaching changes.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Eating locally:</b> Depending more on locally available food reduces the amount of energy used in food transportation and supports your local food-producing economy.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Recycling:</b> Doing so reduces trash and conserves natural resources.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Conserving water:</b> <i>Water conservation</i> is the process of using less water to begin with and recycling or reusing as much water as possible. The goal of water conservation is to maintain a freshwater supply that can meet the needs of as many people as possible for as long as possible.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Taking steps toward smarter land use:</b> Both large-scale and small-scale possibilities include compact architecture and urban design to efficiently use land space, mixed-use planning that locates businesses close to where people live, and creation of parks and other green spaces to provide recreation for people and habitat for wildlife.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Creating a sustainable economy:</b> Environmental economists seek to include the cost of environmental damage in product pricing through taxes, fines, and regulations.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Six months","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-07T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208293},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:53:34+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-07T17:00:33+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-07T18:01:04+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Science","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33756"},"slug":"science","categoryId":33756},{"name":"Botany","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33761"},"slug":"botany","categoryId":33761}],"title":"Botany For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"botany for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"botany-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Here's a quick reference botany guide for the parts of a flower, a plant's life cycle, and types of plant tissues.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Botany is the study of plants. Plants are very similar to people in a lot of ways, but they also have some differences that can be hard to wrap your brain around. And, like any science class, botany can get a little overwhelming at times. So, here are a few items to help you grasp some of the big ideas in botany.","description":"Botany is the study of plants. Plants are very similar to people in a lot of ways, but they also have some differences that can be hard to wrap your brain around. And, like any science class, botany can get a little overwhelming at times. So, here are a few items to help you grasp some of the big ideas in botany.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9201,"name":"Rene Fester Kratz","slug":"rene-fester-kratz","description":"René Fester Kratz, PhD, teaches biology at Everett Community College. Kratz has a doctorate in botany from the University of Washington. She works with other scientists and K–12 teachers to develop science curricula that align with national learning standards and the latest research on human learning. 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As a member of the North Cascades and Olympic Science Partnership, she worked to develop science curricula that are in alignment with research on human learning. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":9201,"name":"Rene Fester Kratz","slug":"rene-fester-kratz","description":"René Fester Kratz, PhD, teaches biology at Everett Community College. Kratz has a doctorate in botany from the University of Washington. She works with other scientists and K–12 teachers to develop science curricula that align with national learning standards and the latest research on human learning. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9201"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;botany&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118006726&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624f26e071bdc\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;science&quot;,&quot;botany&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781118006726&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624f26e072133\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":187337,"title":"Parts of a Flower","slug":"parts-of-a-flower","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187337"}},{"articleId":187336,"title":"Alternation of Generations in a Plant Life Cycle","slug":"alternation-of-generations-in-a-plant-life-cycle","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187336"}},{"articleId":187335,"title":"Types of Plant Tissues","slug":"types-of-plant-tissues","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","science","botany"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187335"}}],"content":[{"title":"Parts of a flower","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Flowers can be unisexual, having only male or female parts, or bisexual, having both types of parts. The male parts of a flower make up the stamens. The entire whorl of stamens in the flower is called the androecium.</p>\n<p>The sac-like structures at the top of the stamen are the anthers. The anthers house pollen, which contain the male gametophytes that make the sperm. The thread-like stalks that lift the anthers up are called filaments.</p>\n<p>The female parts of the flower make up the pistils. The entire whorl of pistils in the flower, which may be separate or fused together, is called the gynoecium.</p>\n<p>The sticky tips at the top of the pistils that receive pollen are called stigmas. The swollen bases of the pistils are the ovaries. Inside the ovaries are tiny pearl-like structures called ovules. The ovules contain the female gametophytes, which make the eggs. The slender stalks that connect each stigma to an ovary are called styles.</p>\n"},{"title":"Types of plant tissues","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Plant tissues come in several forms: vascular, epidermal, ground, and meristematic. Each type of tissue consists of different types of cells, has different functions, and is located in different places.</p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Tissue</th>\n<th>Cell Types</th>\n<th>Function</th>\n<th>Locations</th>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vascular tissue</td>\n<td>Xylem is made up of vessels and tracheids<br />\nPhloem is made up of sieve cells and companion cells</td>\n<td>Xylem transports water<br />\nPhloem transports sugars</td>\n<td>In stems, leaves, and roots</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Epidermal tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma</td>\n<td>Protect plant tissues and prevent water loss</td>\n<td>Outer layer of stems, roots, and leaves</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ground tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma<br />\nCollenchyma<br />\nSclerenchyma</td>\n<td>Makes up bulk of plant mass</td>\n<td>Stems, roots, leaves</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Meristematic tissue</td>\n<td>Parenchyma</td>\n<td>Divide to produce new growth</td>\n<td>Tips of shoots<br />\nTips of roots<br />\nIn buds<br />\nIn a ring around the stem in woody plants</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-07T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208567},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:58:29+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-06T18:25:17+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-07T00:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Law","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33712"},"slug":"law","categoryId":33712},{"name":"General (Law)","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33719"},"slug":"general-law","categoryId":33719}],"title":"Law For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"law for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"law-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"You don't have to decipher the law alone! Discover where to go for help understanding laws around debt, fraud, and discrimination.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Deciphering the law can be a tricky thing, but you're not alone! Legal help (some free of charge) and information for understanding the law with things like debt, fraud, and discrimination are available through a wide variety of legal groups and government agencies.","description":"Deciphering the law can be a tricky thing, but you're not alone! Legal help (some free of charge) and information for understanding the law with things like debt, fraud, and discrimination are available through a wide variety of legal groups and government agencies.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33719,"title":"General (Law)","slug":"general-law","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33719"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":209440,"title":"Law School For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"law-school-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","general-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/209440"}},{"articleId":208840,"title":"UK Law and Your Rights For Dummies Cheat Sheet","slug":"uk-law-and-your-rights-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","general-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/208840"}},{"articleId":195803,"title":"How to Make the Most of Your Second and Third Years of Law School","slug":"how-to-make-the-most-of-your-second-and-third-years-of-law-school","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","general-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195803"}},{"articleId":195797,"title":"How to Survive Law School Exams","slug":"how-to-survive-law-school-exams","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","general-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195797"}},{"articleId":195796,"title":"Qualifications of the Ideal Law School Applicant","slug":"qualifications-of-the-ideal-law-school-applicant","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","general-law"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195796"}}]},"relatedBook":{"bookId":282347,"slug":"law-for-dummies-2nd-edition","isbn":"9780764558306","isbn10":"0764558307","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","law","general-law"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0764558307/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0764558307/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/0764558307-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0764558307/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/0764558307/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/law-for-dummies-2nd-edition-cover-9780764558306-203x255.jpg","width":203,"height":255},"title":"Law For Dummies, 2nd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"9148\">John Ventura, JD,</b> was a board-certified bankruptcy attorney and an authority on consumer and small business legal issues. His books include <i>The Credit Repair Kit</i> and <i>The Bankruptcy Kit</i>. </p>","authors":[{"authorId":9148,"name":"John Ventura","slug":"john-ventura","description":"John Ventura was a small business owner, bestselling author, and board-certified bankruptcy attorney. He was also a national authority on consumer and small business financial and legal problems. He died in 2008.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9148"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;law&quot;,&quot;general-law&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780764558306&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624e29c2c49e4\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;law&quot;,&quot;general-law&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9780764558306&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624e29c2c535d\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":195900,"title":"Helpful Legal Organizations and Government Agencies","slug":"helpful-legal-organizations-and-government-agencies","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195900"}},{"articleId":195892,"title":"Sources of Free (or Almost Free) Legal Information","slug":"sources-of-free-or-almost-free-legal-information","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/195892"}}],"content":[{"title":"Helpful legal organizations and government agencies","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If paying your bills is becoming difficult and you want help negotiating lower monthly debt payments, contact a nonprofit credit counseling office (most are known as Consumer Credit Counseling Service) affiliated with the nonprofit National Foundation for Credit Counseling (NFCC). To find a NFCC-affiliated office, go to <a href=\"http://www.nfcc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.nfcc.org</a> or call 1-800-388-2227.</p>\n<p>If information in your credit record causes a denial of credit, housing, employment, or insurance, request a free copy of your credit report from whichever national credit reporting agency caused the denial. The three national credit reporting agencies are:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.equifax.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Equifax</a> (Disclosure Department, P.O. Box 740241, Atlanta, GA 30374)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.experian.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Experian</a> (National Consumer Assistance Center, P.O. Box 2002, Allen, TX 75013-2104)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><a href=\"http://www.transunion.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TransUnion</a> (Consumer Disclosure Center, P.O. Box 1000, Chester, PA 19022<br />\n800-888-4213)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If a mortgage lender denies you a loan or a seller refuses to sell you a home and you believe that you’re being discriminated against, file a complaint with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD by going to the department’s Web site, <a href=\"http://www.hud.gov/complaints/housediscrim.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.hud.gov/complaints/housediscrim.cfm</a> or by calling 800-669-9777. File your complaint within one year of the incident.</p>\n<p>Is there an unsafe or unhealthy situation at your workplace? Bring it to the attention of your employer or contact the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) at 1-800-321-6742.</p>\n<p>When you want to apply for Social Security benefits — retirement, survivor, or disability benefits — call 800-772-1213 or go to the Web site of the Social Security Administration at <a href=\"http://www.ssa.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.ssa.gov</a>.</p>\n<p>If a telemarketer contacts you with an offer that sounds too good to be true, or if you receive such an offer via the Internet, check out the offer by contacting the National Fraud Information Center/International Internet Watch Center at 1-800-876-7060. You can file a complaint if you are a fraud victim at the Center’s Web site, <a href=\"http://www.fraud.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.fraud.org</a>.</p>\n<p>The Auto Safety Hotline maintained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration provides information about auto safety and new and used vehicle recalls. Call the hotline at 1-888-327-4236 or visit <a href=\"http://www.nhtsa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.nhtsa.gov</a> to find out about safety recalls, to file a defect report, and much more.</p>\n<p>For a fill-in-the-blanks living will that is legally-valid in your state, contact Partnership for Caring at: <a href=\"http://www.partnershipforcaring.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.partnershipforcaring.org</a></p>\n<p>If you are a small business owner, take advantage of the Small Business Advisor Web site, <a href=\"http://www.business.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.business.gov</a>, a collaborative effort among various federal agencies and managed by the Small Business Administration. The site provides information to help you start and grow a business and to make it easier to weave your way through the maze of federal rules and regulations.</p>\n<p>The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Consumer Response Center offers a wide variety of informative publications and fact sheets about the laws that the FTC administers. Read them online, or order hard copies at <a href=\"http://www.ftc.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.ftc.gov</a> or call 1-877-382-4357.</p>\n"},{"title":"Sources of free (or almost free) legal information","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>If you need legal advice but have financial concerns and cannot afford an attorney, look to these resources for free, or almost free, legal advice:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>An attorney who practices in the area of law that you need information about: </strong>Find an attorney who will give you a free initial consultation (most do). Come to that meeting well prepared and learn all you need to know to resolve your legal problem yourself, assuming it’s relatively simple and straightforward.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Bankrate.com:</strong> Give yourself a financial education by spending time at <a href=\"http://www.bankrate.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bank Rate</a>. You’ll find information about a variety of topics, including credit cards, debt consolidation, mortgage and home equity loans, and much more.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>The Federal Citizen Information Center: </strong>Click on <a href=\"http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.pueblo.gsa.gov</a> to access information, on such topics as housing, autos, money, health, employment, small business, scams, and federal government programs. You can also connect to more than 26 million state and local government Web sites and get your questions about a federal government program or service answered by the federal National Contact Center.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>The Consumers Action Handbook: </strong>Every home in America needs a copy of this publication, which provides practical information for being a smart consumer. It includes reviews of important consumer laws, suggestions for handling your own legal problems and a sample complaint letter, the addresses and phone numbers of offices to contact for help resolving consumer problems, including national consumer organizations, corporate consumer contacts, trade associations; government agencies and dispute resolution programs. To order a copy, write to Handbook, Federal Citizen Information Center, Pueblo, CO 81009 or call 1-888-878-3256.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Your Federal Elected Officials: </strong>Contact the offices of your U.S. senator and representative for help dealing with a problem you are having with a government agency or program, updates on pending legislation, and more. Hey, they are your public servants! To connect with your U.S. elected officials, call 202-225-3121 or e-mail them. For their e-mail and street addresses, go to THOMAS, the Web site of the Library of Congress, <a href=\"http://thomas.loc.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas.loc.gov</a>.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Business Veteran:</strong> If you’re an entrepreneur or aspiring entrepreneur, check out what SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives) has to offer. A national nonprofit organization that is a “resource partner” with the federal Small Business Administration, SCORE harnesses the know-how and experience of retired business owners to help you establish a business or grow an existing one. Get online advice and counseling from SCORE volunteers by going to <a href=\"http://www.score.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.score.org</a>, or visit the SCORE office closest to you. To locate that office, go to the SCORE Web site or call 1-800-634-0245.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Solve","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-06T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":209452},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:54:23+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-06T16:45:44+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-06T18:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Math","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33720"},"slug":"math","categoryId":33720},{"name":"Pre-Calculus","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33727"},"slug":"pre-calculus","categoryId":33727}],"title":"Pre-Calculus Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"pre-calculus workbook for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"pre-calculus-workbook-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Prepare for calculus by learning formulas, laws of logarithmic functions, trigonometric values of basic angles, and interval notation.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Pre-calculus uses the information you know from Algebra I and II and ratchets up the difficulty level to prepare you for calculus. This cheat sheet is designed to help you review key formulas and functions on the fly as you study. It includes formulas, the laws of logarithmic functions, trigonometric values of basic angles, conic section equations, and interval notation.","description":"Pre-calculus uses the information you know from Algebra I and II and ratchets up the difficulty level to prepare you for calculus. This cheat sheet is designed to help you review key formulas and functions on the fly as you study. It includes formulas, the laws of logarithmic functions, trigonometric values of basic angles, conic section equations, and interval notation.","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":8985,"name":"Mary Jane Sterling","slug":"mary-jane-sterling","description":"Mary Jane Sterling taught algebra, business calculus, geometry, and finite mathematics at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, for more than 30 years. She is the author of several For Dummies books, including Algebra Workbook For Dummies, Algebra II For Dummies, and Algebra II Workbook For Dummies. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8985"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33727,"title":"Pre-Calculus","slug":"pre-calculus","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33727"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":262884,"title":"10 Pre-Calculus Missteps to Avoid","slug":"10-pre-calculus-missteps-to-avoid","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262884"}},{"articleId":262851,"title":"Pre-Calculus Review of Real Numbers","slug":"pre-calculus-review-of-real-numbers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262851"}},{"articleId":262837,"title":"Fundamentals of Pre-Calculus","slug":"fundamentals-of-pre-calculus","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262837"}},{"articleId":262652,"title":"Complex Numbers and Polar Coordinates","slug":"complex-numbers-and-polar-coordinates","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262652"}},{"articleId":167923,"title":"How to Find Imaginary Roots Using the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra","slug":"how-to-find-imaginary-roots-using-the-fundamental-theorem-of-algebra","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/167923"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":262884,"title":"10 Pre-Calculus Missteps to Avoid","slug":"10-pre-calculus-missteps-to-avoid","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262884"}},{"articleId":262851,"title":"Pre-Calculus Review of Real Numbers","slug":"pre-calculus-review-of-real-numbers","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262851"}},{"articleId":262837,"title":"Fundamentals of Pre-Calculus","slug":"fundamentals-of-pre-calculus","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262837"}},{"articleId":262652,"title":"Complex Numbers and Polar Coordinates","slug":"complex-numbers-and-polar-coordinates","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/262652"}},{"articleId":260218,"title":"Special Function Types and Their Graphs","slug":"special-function-types-and-their-graphs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/260218"}}]},"relatedBook":{"bookId":282497,"slug":"pre-calculus-workbook-for-dummies-3rd-edition","isbn":"9781119508809","isbn10":"1119508800","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","math","pre-calculus"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119508800/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119508800/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119508800-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119508800/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119508800/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/pre-calculus-workbook-for-dummies-3rd-edition-cover-9781119508809-204x255.jpg","width":204,"height":255},"title":"Pre-Calculus Workbook For Dummies, 3rd Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"https://testbanks.wiley.com","bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"8985\">Mary Jane Sterling</b> taught algebra, business calculus, geometry, and finite mathematics at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, for more than 30 years. She is the author of <i>Trigonometry For Dummies</i> and <i>Finite Math For Dummies.</i> </p>","authors":[{"authorId":8985,"name":"Mary Jane Sterling","slug":"mary-jane-sterling","description":"Mary Jane Sterling taught algebra, business calculus, geometry, and finite mathematics at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, for more than 30 years. She is the author of several For Dummies books, including Algebra Workbook For Dummies, Algebra II For Dummies, and Algebra II Workbook For Dummies. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8985"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;pre-calculus&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119508809&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624dd562a74ab\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;math&quot;,&quot;pre-calculus&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119508809&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624dd562a7d69\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":260274,"title":"Pre-Calculus Formulas","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/260274"}},{"articleId":260300,"title":"How to Identify Conic Section Equations in Pre-Calculus","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/260300"}},{"articleId":260303,"title":"Laws of Exponents and Logarithms for Pre-Calculus","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/260303"}},{"articleId":260306,"title":"Trigonometric Values of Basic Angles for Pre-Calculus","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/260306"}},{"articleId":260309,"title":"Interval Notation in Pre-Calculus","slug":"","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/260309"}}],"content":[{"title":"Pre-Calculus formulas","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Pre-calculus requires a thorough understanding of the topics covered in Algebra I and Algebra II, along with some of the basic concepts of calculus. In solving pre-calculus problems, a number of formulas come in handy. The following list collects some of the more difficult-to-remember formulas for your convenience and for ease of study.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-260295\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/pre-calculus-formulas.jpg\" alt=\"pre-calculus-formulas\" width=\"439\" height=\"306\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"How to identify conic section equations in pre-calculus","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Differentiating among the equations for conic sections is a challenging part of pre-calculus. Understanding the differences between parabolas and hyperbolas, circles and ellipses, and so on, can be tricky. The following list explains how the equations for each are unique:</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-260293\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/pre-calculus-conic-sections.jpg\" alt=\"pre-calculus-conic-sections\" width=\"456\" height=\"239\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Laws of exponents and logarithms for pre-calculus","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Among the trickier aspects of pre-calculus for beginners to remember are the rules for exponents and logarithms. <em>Exponents</em>, of course, indicate the operation of raising a number to a power, or in other words, of multiplying a number by itself. <em>Logarithms</em> are simply another way to write exponents: Exponential and logarithmic functions are inverses of each other. For solving and graphing logarithmic functions (logs), remember this inverse relationship and you’ll be solving logs in no time! The following lists describe the basic rules for each.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-260294\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/pre-calculus-exponents-logarithms.jpg\" alt=\"pre-calculus-exponents-logarithms\" width=\"288\" height=\"445\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Trigonometric values of basic angles for pre-calculus","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Of course you use trigonometry, commonly called trig, in pre-calculus. And understanding the trig values of common angles is an important part of solving trig problems. The following table shows the basic values for each.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-260297\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/pre-calculus-trigonometric-values.jpg\" alt=\"pre-calculus-trigonometric-values\" width=\"227\" height=\"301\" /></p>\n"},{"title":"Interval notation in pre-calculus","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>In pre-calculus you deal with inequalities, and you use interval notation to express a solution set to an inequality. The following list shows how to format solution sets in interval notation.</p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-260296\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/pre-calculus-interval-notation.jpg\" alt=\"pre-calculus-interval-notation\" width=\"164\" height=\"217\" /></p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-06T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208683},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:49:07+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-05T20:09:51+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-06T00:01:10+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"Real Estate Licensure Exam","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33793"},"slug":"real-estate-licensure-exam","categoryId":33793}],"title":"Real Estate License Exams For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"real estate license exams for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"real-estate-license-exams-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Use this Cheat Sheet to prepare for the real estate license exam. Learn about listing agreements, real estate ownership, and fiduciary roles.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Taking a state real estate exam is necessary for becoming a licensed real estate agent. Every state requires real estate agents to have a license — and to take and pass a state examination to get that license. You need to cover a lot of ground in preparation for the test, but your efforts are well rewarded by a fun, exciting <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/personal-finance/real-estate/real-estate-agents/10-must-haves-successful-real-estate-agent/\">career</a>.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273756\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-273756\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/real-estate-license-agent.jpg\" alt=\"real estate agent\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> © Gino Santa Maria / Shutterstock.com[/caption]","description":"Taking a state real estate exam is necessary for becoming a licensed real estate agent. Every state requires real estate agents to have a license — and to take and pass a state examination to get that license. You need to cover a lot of ground in preparation for the test, but your efforts are well rewarded by a fun, exciting <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/personal-finance/real-estate/real-estate-agents/10-must-haves-successful-real-estate-agent/\">career</a>.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_273756\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-273756\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/real-estate-license-agent.jpg\" alt=\"real estate agent\" width=\"556\" height=\"371\" /> © Gino Santa Maria / Shutterstock.com[/caption]","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9566,"name":"John A. Yoegel","slug":"john-a-yoegel","description":"John A. Yoegel, PhD, is a certified real estate instructor and former board member of the Real Estate Educators Association. He teaches pre-licensing and continuing education courses for salespeople, brokers, and appraisers.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9566"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33793,"title":"Real Estate Licensure Exam","slug":"real-estate-licensure-exam","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33793"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[{"articleId":274757,"title":"How to P-R-E-P-A-R-E for the Real Estate License Exam","slug":"how-to-p-r-e-p-a-r-e-for-the-real-estate-license-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/274757"}}],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":274757,"title":"How to P-R-E-P-A-R-E for the Real Estate License Exam","slug":"how-to-p-r-e-p-a-r-e-for-the-real-estate-license-exam","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/274757"}},{"articleId":274752,"title":"Real Estate License Exam: 10 Things to Find Out About State Real Estate Law","slug":"real-estate-license-exam-10-things-to-find-out-about-state-real-estate-law","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/274752"}},{"articleId":274745,"title":"Real Estate License Exam: The Rectangular Survey System","slug":"real-estate-license-exam-the-rectangular-survey-system","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/274745"}},{"articleId":274740,"title":"How to Make Mortgage Calculations without a Fancy Calculator","slug":"how-to-make-mortgage-calculations-without-a-fancy-calculator","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/274740"}},{"articleId":244375,"title":"Real Estate License Exam: Measuring Area and Volume","slug":"real-estate-license-exam-measuring-area-and-volume","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/244375"}}]},"relatedBook":{"bookId":282532,"slug":"real-estate-license-exams-for-dummies-with-online-practice-tests-4th-edition","isbn":"9781119724858","isbn10":"1119724856","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119724856/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119724856/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119724856-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119724856/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119724856/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/real-estate-license-exams-for-dummies-4th-edition-cover-9781119724858-1-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"Real Estate License Exams For Dummies with Online Practice Tests, 4th Edition","testBankPinActivationLink":"https://testbanks.wiley.com","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"9566\">John A. Yoegel</b>, PhD, is a certified real estate instructor and former board member of the Real Estate Educators Association. He teaches pre-licensing and continuing education courses for salespeople, brokers, and appraisers.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9566,"name":"John A. Yoegel","slug":"john-a-yoegel","description":"John A. Yoegel, PhD, is a certified real estate instructor and former board member of the Real Estate Educators Association. He teaches pre-licensing and continuing education courses for salespeople, brokers, and appraisers.","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9566"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;real-estate-licensure-exam&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119724858&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624cd84683589\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;real-estate-licensure-exam&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119724858&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624cd84683b3f\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":164204,"title":"4 Types of Listing Agreements for Real Estate Agents","slug":"4-types-of-listing-agreements-for-real-estate-agents","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164204"}},{"articleId":164208,"title":"Real Estate License Exam: 7 Confusing Word Pairs","slug":"real-estate-license-exam-7-confusing-word-pairs","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164208"}},{"articleId":164205,"title":"4 Kinds of Real Estate Ownership","slug":"4-kinds-of-real-estate-ownership","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164205"}},{"articleId":164207,"title":"Real-Estate Vocabulary Words for Giving Up and Losing Property","slug":"real-estate-vocabulary-words-for-giving-up-and-losing-property","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164207"}},{"articleId":164206,"title":"6 Fiduciary Duties of a Real Estate Agent","slug":"6-fiduciary-duties-of-a-real-estate-agent","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","real-estate-licensure-exam"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/164206"}}],"content":[{"title":"4 Types of Listing Agreements for Real Estate Agents","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p class=\"Remember\">As you prepare for your real estate license exam, understand that listing agreements establish the relationship between the real estate agent and the property seller. Remember that similar agreements may be used between a buyer and an agent when buyer representation is desired.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Exclusive right to sell listing:</strong> In this agreement, the agent gets paid no matter who sells the property, regardless of whether it&#8217;s the agent or the seller.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Exclusive agency listing:</strong> Agents get paid in this type of agreement only if they sell the property. No fee is earned if the owner alone sells the property.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Open listing: </strong>In this type of agreement, sellers have the right to use as many brokers as they want. However, the seller isn&#8217;t obligated to pay any of them if he or she sells the property without the broker&#8217;s help.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Net listing: </strong>This type of agreement may be illegal in your state. The agent gets to keep everything he can get that&#8217;s more than the sale price the owner wants.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Real Estate License Exam: 7 Confusing Word Pairs","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Before you take your real estate license exam, it&#8217;s important that you understand the difference between similar-sounding terms. The following real-estate terms are the most often confused; get these memorized and you&#8217;re well on your way to more correct answers.</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Condominium/cooperative: </strong>A <em>condominium</em> owner actually owns real estate. This ownership is usually the air space and an interest as a tenant in common of the land. A <em>cooperative</em> owner owns shares in a corporation that owns a building. The shareholder also gets a proprietary lease, which enables the shareholder to occupy a unit.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Foreclosure/forfeiture:</strong> <em>Foreclosure</em> is the loss of property to pay off a debt. <em>Forfeiture</em> is losing the property because of disobeying a condition in the deed.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Grantor/grantee: </strong>The <em>grantor</em> gives, sells, or transfers the property to the grantee. The <em>grantee </em>receives the property.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Leasehold/leased fee: </strong>The <em>leasehold</em> interest is the tenant&#8217;s interest in the property. The tenant holds the lease. The <em>leased fee</em> interest is the owner or landlord&#8217;s interest.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Mortgagor/mortgagee: </strong>The <em>mortgagor</em> is the borrower. The <em>mortgagee</em> is the lender. The borrower gives a mortgage to the lender. The lender gives money to the borrower.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Replacement cost/reproduction cost: </strong>These terms are associated with the cost approach to valuing a property. <em>Replacement cost</em> is the cost to produce a structure that is essentially the same as the existing structure but using modern materials and standards. <em>Reproduction cost</em> is an estimate of the cost to produce exactly the same structure with the same materials.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Tax credit/tax deduction: </strong>A <em>tax credit</em> is subtracted from taxes due. A <em>tax deduction</em> is subtracted from income. If all things are equal, a tax credit generally is more valuable than a tax deduction of the same amount.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"4 Kinds of Real Estate Ownership","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Until you started your real estate career, you may have assumed there was just one kind of property ownership — you either owned the property or you didn&#8217;t. Well, there are several types of property ownership, and you need to know about them to pass the real estate license exam.</p>\n<p>Here are the four most common types of property ownership:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Tenancy in severalty:</strong> Although it may sound like more, this type of ownership is by one person or a corporation.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Tenancy in common:</strong> Equal or unequal undivided ownership between two or more people is what characterizes this type of ownership. If an owner dies, the deceased person&#8217;s share is conveyed to his or her heirs, not the other owners.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Joint tenancy:</strong></p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">The four unities that must exist for this type of ownership to exist are</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Interest: </strong>Each owner has the same interest.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Possession:</strong> All owners hold an undivided interest.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Time: </strong>All owners receive their interest at the same time.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Title: </strong>All owners acquire their interest with the same deed.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p class=\"child-para\">If one owner of a joint tenancy dies, that owner&#8217;s interest reverts to the other owners. This right of survivorship may vary by state.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Tenancy by the entirety:</strong> Ownership that&#8217;s available only to married couples, tenancy by the entirety means that property may not be sold without the agreement of both parties. The right of survivorship exists to the extent that if one spouse dies, his/her interest reverts to the other spouse.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Real-Estate Vocabulary Words for Giving Up and Losing Property","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p class=\"Remember\">Prepare for your real estate license exam by studying the precise meanings of words used for property that&#8217;s conveyed or transferred voluntarily — through a number of means. Property can also be lost involuntarily through the forces of nature, law, or the government. And finally — in fact, very finally — property is usually transferred after you die.</p>\n<p>Become familiar with these real estate words for giving up and losing property:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Dedication:</strong> When you <em>dedicate</em> property, you essentially give it up voluntarily to the government. An example is a developer giving up streets in a subdivision.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Public grant:</strong> A <em>public grant</em> of land is just the opposite of dedication; the government actually is giving property to private individuals.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Adverse possession:</strong> When someone uses your property for a long period of time, you may end up losing the property or having your rights to the property restricted.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Avulsion: </strong><em>Avulsion</em> is the sudden loss of land by an act of nature like a landslide.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Erosion:</strong> A little like avulsion, <em>erosion</em> is the gradual loss of land by an act of nature, like property lost along the bank of a river.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Partition: </strong>A <em>partition</em> is a legal proceeding to divide property owned by two or more people.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"6 Fiduciary Duties of a Real Estate Agent","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p class=\"TechnicalStuff\">The relationship between a real estate agent and a client is called a <em>fiduciary relationship</em>. <em>Fiduciary</em> means faithful servant, and an agent is a fiduciary of the client. In real estate, a broker or a salesperson can be the agent of a seller or a buyer.</p>\n<p>Here&#8217;s a list of the fiduciary duties that an agent owes her client:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Accounting: </strong>The agent must account for all funds entrusted to her and not <em>commingle</em> (combine) client/customer funds with her personal and/or business funds.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Care:</strong> The agent must use all of her skills to the best of her ability on behalf of the client.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Confidentiality:</strong> The agent must keep confidential any information given to her by her client, especially information that may be damaging to the client in a negotiation.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Disclosure:</strong> The agent must disclose to the client any information she receives that may benefit the client&#8217;s position in a negotiation.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Loyalty: </strong>The agent owes undivided loyalty to the client and puts the client&#8217;s interests above her own.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><strong>Obedience:</strong> The agent must obey all lawful orders that the client gives her.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-05T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":207902},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:53:27+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-05T17:47:44+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-05T18:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Music","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33730"},"slug":"music","categoryId":33730},{"name":"Instruments","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33731"},"slug":"instruments","categoryId":33731},{"name":"Saxophone","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34388"},"slug":"saxophone","categoryId":34388}],"title":"Saxophone For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"saxophone for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"saxophone-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"This handy Cheat Sheet explains the parts of a saxophone and has tips on buying vs. leasing, practicing, and approaching new songs.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"The saxophone has influenced many styles of music. Saxophonists have left their indelible mark on music, whether it’s in the big bands of Count Basie and Duke Ellington, Bill Haley’s legendary rock ’n’ roll band, or the funk master James Brown. And in the bossa nova song “The Girl from Ipanema,” the breathy sax is the icing on the cake.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet provides some basic information to help you start playing the saxophone: buying or leasing a sax, sax parts and their functions, practicing with your sax, and playing a new sax song.","description":"The saxophone has influenced many styles of music. Saxophonists have left their indelible mark on music, whether it’s in the big bands of Count Basie and Duke Ellington, Bill Haley’s legendary rock ’n’ roll band, or the funk master James Brown. And in the bossa nova song “The Girl from Ipanema,” the breathy sax is the icing on the cake.\r\n\r\nThis Cheat Sheet provides some basic information to help you start playing the saxophone: buying or leasing a sax, sax parts and their functions, practicing with your sax, and playing a new sax song.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":34388,"title":"Saxophone","slug":"saxophone","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/34388"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[]},"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"isbn10":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;music&quot;,&quot;instruments&quot;,&quot;saxophone&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624c83e2a10e6\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;music&quot;,&quot;instruments&quot;,&quot;saxophone&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624c83e2a165e\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":187054,"title":"Leasing or Buying a Saxophone","slug":"leasing-or-buying-a-saxophone","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187054"}},{"articleId":187052,"title":"Saxophone Parts and Their Functions","slug":"saxophone-parts-and-their-functions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","music","instruments"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187052"}},{"articleId":187056,"title":"Saxophone Practice","slug":"saxophone-practice","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187056"}},{"articleId":187053,"title":"Playing a New Saxophone Song","slug":"playing-a-new-saxophone-song","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/187053"}}],"content":[{"title":"Leasing or buying a saxophone","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Whether you choose the soprano, alto, tenor, or baritone saxophone, another decision remains: Should you buy a saxophone or lease one? (Don’t worry, you’re not alone on this — your wallet has something to say here.) Each option has its pros and cons. The following sections help you choose the option that’s right for you.</p>\n<h2>Leasing a saxophone</h2>\n<p>Are you still dabbling in dreams of being a saxophonist? If you’re unsure about whether the saxophone suits you, and you’re not ready to spend a lot of money, leasing is a good idea. Many music stores and dealers offer this option. You can get a decent instrument and pay for it month to month.</p>\n<p>If, later, you decide to buy the saxophone you&#8217;re leasing, some retailers will credit what you’ve already paid toward the purchase price. And if you decide that the saxophone isn’t your musical match, simply return it.</p>\n<h2>Buying a saxophone: New or used?</h2>\n<p>If the saxophone is the instrument you were meant to play, and you’re ready to make the commitment, you’re likely prepared to buy.</p>\n<p class=\"Tip\">When buying a saxophone — or any important accessories — consider asking an expert, such as your future saxophone teacher or an experienced saxophonist, to be your personal sales consultant. Getting an expert opinion is worth the peace of mind, and it almost guarantees that you’ll find the right saxophone for you.</p>\n<p class=\"Warning\">Many people choose to buy new instruments, but some used saxophones are available in good or very good condition and are ready to play. Perhaps the previous owner didn’t play much, or the instrument was recently reconditioned.</p>\n<p class=\"Warning\">Some vintage horns are real classics. For example, most pros would only sell their old Selmer Mark VI over their dead bodies. These old instruments can sound beautiful and their value often doubles in price compared to a new one.</p>\n<p class=\"Remember\">A well-maintained saxophone can last a long time. For example, the pads (the leather on the underside of the keys) can remain intact for six to ten years, depending on the quality of the pads, maintenance, and usage.</p>\n<p>With a used saxophone, pay special attention to the condition of the instrument:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">What condition are the pads in? Is the leather still smooth, dark, and hard, or is it cracked and moldy?</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Do the pads still cover the tone holes perfectly?</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Do the mechanics run clean? Can you press down on all of the keys comfortably and simultaneously?</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p>If you answer no to any of these questions, the sax in question might need a general overhaul. And if it’s in really bad shape, repairs could cost more than the instrument is worth! Get advice from an expert if you’re concerned.</p>\n"},{"title":"Saxophone parts and their functions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The saxophone is a woodwind, not a brass, instrument. This fact can be hard to believe, because the saxophone is, after all, made mostly of brass. The saxophone is considered a woodwind instrument because the part that creates the actual sound, called the <i>reed</i>, is made out of wood, or more specifically, cane (similar to bamboo).</p>\n<p>This section familiarizes you with the important components of the saxophone, by describing how they fit together and how the whole system works.</p>\n<p>The saxophone is made up of the following parts:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Reed:</b> The sound generator, which has the same function as human vocal chords. It’s fixed onto the mouthpiece by a ligature.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Mouthpiece:</b> When you blow into the mouthpiece, the reed vibrates. Without the aid of the other parts of the saxophone, it produces a high, shrill sound.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Neck:</b> The mouthpiece is attached to the neck, which is the joint between the mouthpiece and the body. The sound generated by the vibrating reed enters the body through the neck. If you compare the saxophone’s neck with your own, and with your voice, the saxophone’s neck works the same way.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Body:</b> This is the most important resonance chamber of the saxophone. The sound vibrates within the body and is amplified. By holding down the keys, which are located on the body, you change the length of the air column to create a different pitch or note. The longer the air column, the lower the corresponding note; the shorter the column, the higher the note.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Neck strap:</b> More of an accessory, this is a strap that is looped through an eyelet on the back side of the horn and worn around the player’s neck. The neck strap lets the player carry the saxophone and supports the instrument so the fingers can move freely over the keys.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Thumb hook:</b> The right thumb sits in the thumb hook, which is a hooked-shaped piece of metal or plastic, to balance the saxophone’s weight.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Thumb rest:</b> The left thumb sits on the thumb rest (located below the octave key) to balance the saxophone.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Saxophone practice","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Practicing with your saxophone brings you closer to your musical goals. Your saxophone should perform the way you want it to. Good technique, knowledge, and experience will help with this, and that means you have to practice, practice, practice.</p>\n<h2>Practice with your saxophone regularly</h2>\n<p>As in sports and many other activities, you improve by practicing regularly a little bit at a time, rather than practicing a lot every now and then. Five 15-minute practice sessions per week are much better than a single marathon session of two or five hours right before your next saxophone lesson. The regularity helps you memorize and internalize what you’re practicing. You can get accustomed to your saxophone step by step. Even three sessions of five minutes per day is productive.</p>\n<h2>Structure your saxophone practice</h2>\n<p>Try devising a practice schedule or a practice routine. Such a routine can look like this:</p>\n<ol class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">First, warm up.</p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">Start in the middle range and play soft, long tones.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b></b>Second, turn to different combinations of notes to work on your finger technique.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b></b>Next, start phrasing and articulation exercises.</p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">These help the coordination of your tongue and fingers.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b></b>Now, practice a scale, preferably from memory.</p>\n<p class=\"child-para\">This trains your fluency and speed.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b></b>Last, select a piece and play it.</p>\n</li>\n</ol>\n<p class=\"Remember\">If you’re interested in improvisation, play typical jazz phrases or use the vocabulary of a different musical style, possibly in one or more keys. If you need more to practice, you can work on rhythmic exercises. And listen to exemplary solos from your favorite recordings and transcribe them, or focus on training your ear.</p>\n<p>You can always find something to practice or improve on. Not everything has to go by the schedule, even if you set out to do so.</p>\n"},{"title":"Playing a new saxophone song","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>You want to learn a new song to play on your saxophone, and this section tells you how to do so effectively. You can learn new saxophone pieces and even master difficult songs this way. The idea is that you approach the song from different angles. Put appropriate emphasis on note material, rhythm, and dynamics. Follow this approach:</p>\n<h2>Examine the key and scale</h2>\n<p>Your first glance should be toward the notation on the upper left. What is the key signature? Does it contain sharps or flats? For instance, one sharp in the key signature indicates G major, and one flat indicates F major.</p>\n<p class=\"Tip\">When working on a new piece, you learn the key by playing the corresponding scale. This is a good approach for preparing to play the song.</p>\n<h2>Practice the notes and fingerings</h2>\n<p>Practice the notes and their fingerings independently of the rhythm. As soon as you recognize the notes instantly, finger and blow all the notes of the song in sequence. You can handle difficult note combinations best if you repeat them often, that is, if you “loop” them.</p>\n<h2>Work on the rhythm</h2>\n<p>At this stage, work on just the rhythm, meaning figure out the note and rest lengths without considering their pitch. Go through individual bars of the song. Clap the rhythm. In the case of rhythmically complex measures, get an overview by penciling the main beats (1, 2, 3, 4) with a vertical line above the notes. Clearly structure each measure. Filter out difficult rhythms and clap them several times — just like the note combinations — and “loop” them.</p>\n<h2>Pair the notes with the rhythm</h2>\n<p>When the notes and rhythm are second nature to you, combine the two. Approach this measure by measure and increase the tempo gradually.</p>\n<h2>Pay attention to breath marks and song sequences</h2>\n<p>When you can play the entire song, go into more detail. Pay attention to the notated breath marks and try only to breathe where indicated. If no breath marks are given, try to find spots at which it makes sense to inhale, and mark them with your pencil. You should inhale only after slurs, and during rests in such a way that you always have enough air for playing.</p>\n<p>Also try to notice a few other things: Musical symbols, such as repeat signs, that could be marked with first and second endings. In addition, look for <i>Da capo</i> (<i>D.C</i>.), <i>Dal segno</i> (<i>D.S.</i>), and <i>Coda</i> symbols.</p>\n<h2>Focus on articulation and dynamics</h2>\n<p>Musical notation also includes articulation symbols that give instruction on how you should use your tongue and air. Emphasize the accented notes (&gt;) accordingly, or play notes with the <i>staccato</i> symbol (snappy and short) as indicated.</p>\n<p>Next pay attention to dynamics:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><i>p</i> (<i>piano</i> = soft)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><i>mp</i> (<i>mezzo piano</i> = half as soft as piano)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><i>mf </i>(<i>mezzo forte</i> = half as loud as forte)</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><i>f</i> (<i>forte</i> = loud)</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p><i>Crescendo</i> and <i>decrescendo</i> also indicate volume, which you should consider.</p>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Explore","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-05T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208543},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-27T16:50:21+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-05T17:18:40+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-05T18:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"GMAT","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33784"},"slug":"gmat","categoryId":33784}],"title":"GMAT For Dummies Cheat Sheet","strippedTitle":"gmat for dummies cheat sheet","slug":"gmat-for-dummies-cheat-sheet","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Use these guidelines to get through the math, critical reasoning, sentence correction, and reading comprehensions questions of the GMAT.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"When you <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/test-prep/gmat/how-to-use-the-gmat-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take the GMAT</a>, make sure you take the required items with you to the test. Use these guidelines to help you get through the math, critical reasoning, sentence correction, and reading comprehensions questions — as well as for writing your analytical essay and conquering integrated reasoning questions.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_283522\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-283522\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/GMAT-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"GMAT\" width=\"556\" height=\"556\" /> © Waldemarus / Shutterstock.com[/caption]","description":"When you <a href=\"https://www.dummies.com/test-prep/gmat/how-to-use-the-gmat-calculator/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">take the GMAT</a>, make sure you take the required items with you to the test. Use these guidelines to help you get through the math, critical reasoning, sentence correction, and reading comprehensions questions — as well as for writing your analytical essay and conquering integrated reasoning questions.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_283522\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"556\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-283522\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/GMAT-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"GMAT\" width=\"556\" height=\"556\" /> © Waldemarus / Shutterstock.com[/caption]","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9086,"name":"Lisa Zimmer Hatch","slug":"lisa-zimmer-hatch","description":"Lisa Zimmer Hatch, MA, has helped thousands of students confront standardized tests with confidence and achieve success. She has coached paralegals and other legal professionals with live-lecture, online, DVD, and independent-study courses in more than 300 universities. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9086"}},{"authorId":9087,"name":"Scott A. Hatch","slug":"scott-a-hatch","description":"Scott A. Hatch, JD, has helped thousands of students confront standardized tests with confidence and achieve success. He has coached paralegals and other legal professionals with live-lecture, online, DVD, and independent-study courses in more than 300 universities. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9087"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33784,"title":"GMAT","slug":"gmat","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33784"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":283513,"title":"The Coordinate Plane and the GMAT","slug":"the-coordinate-plane-and-the-gmat","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gmat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283513"}},{"articleId":283506,"title":"Multi-Source Reasoning Questions on the GMAT","slug":"multi-source-reasoning-questions-on-the-gmat","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gmat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283506"}},{"articleId":283501,"title":"Table Analysis Questions on the GMAT","slug":"table-analysis-questions-on-the-gmat","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gmat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283501"}},{"articleId":283496,"title":"What the GMAT's Integrated Reasoning Section Is All About","slug":"what-the-gmats-integrated-reasoning-section-is-all-about","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gmat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/283496"}},{"articleId":249437,"title":"GMAT Verbal Section: Practice with Sentence Completion","slug":"gmat-verbal-section-practice-sentence-completion","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gmat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/249437"}}]},"relatedBook":{"bookId":291942,"slug":"gmat-prep-2023-for-dummies-with-online-practice","isbn":"9781119886631","isbn10":"1119886635","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gmat"],"amazon":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119886635/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","ca":"https://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/1119886635/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","indigo_ca":"http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-9208661-13710633?url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/product/1119886635-item.html&cjsku=978111945484","gb":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1119886635/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20","de":"https://www.amazon.de/gp/product/1119886635/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=wiley01-20"},"image":{"src":"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/1119886635-199x255.jpg","width":199,"height":255},"title":"GMAT Prep 2023 For Dummies with Online Practice","testBankPinActivationLink":"","bookOutOfPrint":true,"authorsInfo":"\n <p><b data-author-id=\"9086\">Lisa Zimmer Hatch</b>, MA, has helped thousands of students confront standardized tests with confidence and achieve success. She has coached paralegals and other legal professionals with live-lecture, online, DVD, and independent-study courses in more than 300 universities. <b data-author-id=\"9087\">Scott A. Hatch</b>, JD, has helped thousands of students confront standardized tests with confidence and achieve success. He has coached paralegals and other legal professionals with live-lecture, online, DVD, and independent-study courses in more than 300 universities.</p>","authors":[{"authorId":9086,"name":"Lisa Zimmer Hatch","slug":"lisa-zimmer-hatch","description":"Lisa Zimmer Hatch, MA, has helped thousands of students confront standardized tests with confidence and achieve success. She has coached paralegals and other legal professionals with live-lecture, online, DVD, and independent-study courses in more than 300 universities. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9086"}},{"authorId":9087,"name":"Scott A. Hatch","slug":"scott-a-hatch","description":"Scott A. Hatch, JD, has helped thousands of students confront standardized tests with confidence and achieve success. He has coached paralegals and other legal professionals with live-lecture, online, DVD, and independent-study courses in more than 300 universities. ","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9087"}}],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/books/"}},"collections":[],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;gmat&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119886631&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624c83e299fac\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;gmat&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;9781119886631&quot;]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624c83e29a4ca\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Cheat Sheet","articleList":[{"articleId":170923,"title":"Items You Should Take to the GMAT","slug":"items-you-should-take-to-the-gmat","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170923"}},{"articleId":170907,"title":"GMAT Math Question Tricks and Tips","slug":"gmat-math-question-tricks-and-tips","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gmat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170907"}},{"articleId":170929,"title":"Tips and Tricks for GMAT Critical Reasoning Questions","slug":"tips-and-tricks-for-gmat-critical-reasoning-questions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","gmat"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170929"}},{"articleId":170911,"title":"Helpful Hints for GMAT Sentence Correction Questions","slug":"helpful-hints-for-gmat-sentence-correction-questions","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170911"}},{"articleId":170931,"title":"Tips for the GMAT Reading Comprehension Questions","slug":"tips-for-the-gmat-reading-comprehension-questions","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170931"}},{"articleId":170910,"title":"Tricks for the GMAT Analytical Writing Assessment","slug":"tricks-for-the-gmat-analytical-writing-assessment","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170910"}},{"articleId":170921,"title":"Guidelines for Answering GMAT Integrated Reasoning Questions","slug":"guidelines-for-answering-gmat-integrated-reasoning-questions","categoryList":[],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/170921"}}],"content":[{"title":"Items you should take to the GMAT","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Forget your calculator when you take the GMAT. The only things you need to bring with you to the test, besides a confident attitude and a good night&#8217;s sleep, are</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>Your appointment confirmation letter or e-mail:</b> When you schedule an appointment for the GMAT, Pearson VUE sends you a confirmation letter or e-mail that you should bring with you to the test. It proves you&#8217;re registered. Don&#8217;t despair if you can&#8217;t find yours, though. They&#8217;ll let you in if you have an appointment.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>A photo ID:</b> You have to prove that you&#8217;re you and not your really smart neighbor who looks a little like you coming in to take the test for you. Any form of identification that doesn&#8217;t have your picture on it is unacceptable, but valid government-issued picture IDs, like driver&#8217;s licenses, passports, identification cards, and military IDs, are great as long as they&#8217;re originals (no photocopies) and they present your name and date of birth <i>exactly</i> as you stated them when you registered for the GMAT.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\"><b>The names of up to five of your favorite MBA programs:</b> Pearson VUE sends your GMAT scores to five programs of your choice, so if you didn&#8217;t enter them online when you registered, be sure to have a list of your five favorites with you on test day.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"GMAT math question tricks and tips","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>Does the thought of taking the GMAT math test make you break out in a cold sweat? Relax, and use these tips and tricks to help you tackle the math section of the GMAT:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Know math formulas before you take the GMAT because the test doesn&#8217;t provide them for you.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Remember that easy questions are worth the same number of points as hard questions, so don&#8217;t rush through the easy questions and make careless mistakes.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Eliminate answer choices that don&#8217;t make sense.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Memorize the chart for answering data sufficiency questions. As soon as you&#8217;ve determined whether a statement has enough information to answer the question, eliminate answer choices and move on. Don&#8217;t waste time solving the problem unless you have to do so to make your determination.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Take advantage of your noteboard. Use it to draw pictures, work out formulas, and cross out wrong answer choices.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Tips and tricks for GMAT critical reasoning questions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The critical reasoning questions on the GMAT are all about using logic. To maximize your potential on the critical reasoning questions in the verbal section of the GMAT, use these helpful techniques:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Read the question first so you know what kind of question you have to answer before you read the argument.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">For strengthen- or weaken-the-argument questions, determine what type of reasoning the author uses and choose an answer that either helps or hurts that way of reasoning.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">For questions that ask you to draw conclusions, choose an answer that contains an element of all the author&#8217;s premises.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Remember that the correct answer to an inference question usually concerns just one of the argument&#8217;s premises.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Assumption questions ask you to choose an answer that states a premise the author assumes to be true but doesn&#8217;t state directly. The correct answer often links the last premise to the conclusion.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">For method-of-reasoning questions, figure out how the author makes the argument. Usually, the author uses inductive reasoning, and the GMAT focuses on these specific ways to make an argument through inductive reasoning:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-two\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Cause and effect</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Analogy</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Statistics</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Helpful hints for GMAT sentence correction questions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The sentence correction questions on the GMAT test your ability to edit written material. Apply the basic rules of English and focus on these guidelines to master the sentence correction questions:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Read the sentence and check the pronouns and verbs in the underlined part for agreement. If the verbs and pronouns check out, look for problems with parallelism or word choice.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">If no obvious errors stand out, the answer is probably the first choice, but skim through the answer choices just to make sure you didn&#8217;t miss anything.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">If you spot an error, eliminate answer choices that don&#8217;t correct the error. Then eliminate answer choices that correct the error but make a new one.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Reread your answer choice within the sentence to make sure it makes sense before you commit to it.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Tips for the GMAT reading comprehension questions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>GMAT reading questions are designed to test how well you extract information from a passage. So follow these suggestions when answering the reading comprehension questions in the verbal section of the GMAT:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Read the question first so you know what to focus on as you skim through the passage.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Eliminate answer choices that don&#8217;t pertain to the information in the passage.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Remember that the author of a GMAT passage is usually relatively neutral and objective.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Choose answers that are neither too specific nor too general for main theme questions.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Don&#8217;t infer too much for inference questions.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Note that the answers to specific information questions may be a paraphrase of information in the passage.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Tricks for the GMAT analytical writing assessment","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The first section of the GMAT requires you to type an original analytical writing sample. To make the most of your essay, follow these recommendations:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Choose your thesis immediately. There&#8217;s no right answer to the question prompt, so don&#8217;t waste time trying to find it.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Spend at least two to five minutes constructing a quick outline of your ideas.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Include an introductory paragraph, at least two or three supporting paragraphs, and a conclusion.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Get specific with your supporting evidence. Mention details from the prompt and come up with examples from your own experience to show how the author could have presented a more compelling argument.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Leave a couple of minutes at the end to read through your essay and correct any glaring errors.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"},{"title":"Guidelines for answering GMAT integrated reasoning questions","thumb":null,"image":null,"content":"<p>The GMAT integrated reasoning questions test how well you apply logical reasoning to real-life situations. Here are some tips to guide you through this unusual section of questions:</p>\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Practice wise time management to make sure you make it through all the questions and their sub-questions.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Keep track of the volumes of information in multi-source reasoning by scribbling summaries of each tab on your noteboard.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Jump to the question immediately for table analysis questions because most everything you need comes from the table and not the introductory paragraph.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Read the details in the introductory paragraph of two-part analysis questions very carefully.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Peruse the answer options in the drop-down menu for graphics interpretation questions before you analyze the question.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Clarify the value of each increment on the axes of bar and line graphs so you calculate accurately.</p>\n</li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"first-para\">Prepare yourself for the unwieldy online calculator by playing with the simple calculator that comes standard with most computer operating systems.</p>\n</li>\n</ul>\n"}],"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"One year","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-05T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":208102},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:58:56+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-05T16:35:10+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-05T18:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"General (Study Skills & Test Prep)","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"},"slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33799}],"title":"Self-Bribery and Rewards Can Improve Your Study Focus","strippedTitle":"self-bribery and rewards can improve your study focus","slug":"self-bribery-and-rewards-can-improve-your-study-focus","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Help your concentration with small bribes and treats to break up your studying, set goals and give you something to look forward to.","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"It can be very difficult to get down to studying if your mind wanders or you’re hungry or just plain bored. It’s easy to get distracted by email or Youtube. It can help your concentration if you build in small bribes and treats to break up your studying, provide goals and give you something to look forward to.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291921\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-291921\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/humphrey-muleba-TpqqfejI69U-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"Young Man Playing Video Games\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> Humphrey Muleba @ Unsplash[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >A few examples of how to treat yourself</h2>\r\nYou know yourself and what can motivate you, but the following list offers a few suggestions that might help you complete a task or work consistently (with coffee/tea or loo breaks included) for a couple of hours. Promise yourself the reward and make sure you deliver.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">A relaxing bath with scented bath oil, alternatively, do the washing up with lots of lovely suds and hot water to blow bubbles with as well, if you’re short of time.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">45 minutes in the pub with friends, back in time to get to bed before 11.00 p.m.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">A really delicious oral indulgence – dark chocolate coated ginger, seaweed peanuts, chewy salami – taking time out to savour whatever you fancy.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">A quick spot of window-shopping nearby in the early evening, when it’s quiet, to look at that great dress, jacket or pair of shoes.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Television break to catch the news for half an hour or watch a favourite soap.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">30 minutes to listen to some favourite music – really listen, not as a background to revision.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">15 minutes to knead dough with your hands, or rub butter and sugar into flour to make breadcrumbs for crumble. (These can be put in the fridge to bake the next day.) It’s very tactile and relaxing.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Half an hour or so to read a chapter of a thriller or other non-revision reading.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">A foot or shoulder massage to your flatmate and get them to return the favour.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Time to stroke the cat/dog that lives nearby, or any other furry, accessible creature.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Ten minutes to stand in front of a window and practise deep breathing, especially on days when you won’t go out till later in the day.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Listen to ‘A Book at Bedtime’ (on BBC Radio Four) in bed. Being read to conjures up feelings of warmth and security in many people.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Make sure you get out every day, even for a short period of time, for a change of air and scenery.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >More things to consider</h2>\r\nLittle bribes and treats should include some that appeal to several senses as these can help you relax as well. They will also work as markers or a framework on either side of the revision you are doing and help you remember it.\r\n\r\nYou will also find that you can get more out of the time between treats than you could if you just carried on working, with no breaks or ‘bribes’. This is where you hit the rule of diminishing returns. You need to spend more time to learn less if you don’t build in breaks and little escapes after an hour or so of concentrated work.","description":"It can be very difficult to get down to studying if your mind wanders or you’re hungry or just plain bored. It’s easy to get distracted by email or Youtube. It can help your concentration if you build in small bribes and treats to break up your studying, provide goals and give you something to look forward to.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291921\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-291921\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/humphrey-muleba-TpqqfejI69U-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"Young Man Playing Video Games\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> Humphrey Muleba @ Unsplash[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >A few examples of how to treat yourself</h2>\r\nYou know yourself and what can motivate you, but the following list offers a few suggestions that might help you complete a task or work consistently (with coffee/tea or loo breaks included) for a couple of hours. Promise yourself the reward and make sure you deliver.\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">A relaxing bath with scented bath oil, alternatively, do the washing up with lots of lovely suds and hot water to blow bubbles with as well, if you’re short of time.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">45 minutes in the pub with friends, back in time to get to bed before 11.00 p.m.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">A really delicious oral indulgence – dark chocolate coated ginger, seaweed peanuts, chewy salami – taking time out to savour whatever you fancy.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">A quick spot of window-shopping nearby in the early evening, when it’s quiet, to look at that great dress, jacket or pair of shoes.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Television break to catch the news for half an hour or watch a favourite soap.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">30 minutes to listen to some favourite music – really listen, not as a background to revision.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">15 minutes to knead dough with your hands, or rub butter and sugar into flour to make breadcrumbs for crumble. (These can be put in the fridge to bake the next day.) It’s very tactile and relaxing.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Half an hour or so to read a chapter of a thriller or other non-revision reading.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">A foot or shoulder massage to your flatmate and get them to return the favour.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Time to stroke the cat/dog that lives nearby, or any other furry, accessible creature.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Ten minutes to stand in front of a window and practise deep breathing, especially on days when you won’t go out till later in the day.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Listen to ‘A Book at Bedtime’ (on BBC Radio Four) in bed. Being read to conjures up feelings of warmth and security in many people.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\n<p class=\"Remember\">Make sure you get out every day, even for a short period of time, for a change of air and scenery.</p>\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >More things to consider</h2>\r\nLittle bribes and treats should include some that appeal to several senses as these can help you relax as well. They will also work as markers or a framework on either side of the revision you are doing and help you remember it.\r\n\r\nYou will also find that you can get more out of the time between treats than you could if you just carried on working, with no breaks or ‘bribes’. This is where you hit the rule of diminishing returns. You need to spend more time to learn less if you don’t build in breaks and little escapes after an hour or so of concentrated work.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33799,"title":"General (Study Skills & Test Prep)","slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"A few examples of how to treat yourself","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"More things to consider","target":"#tab2"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":275552,"title":"Online Learning: How to Submit Assignments","slug":"online-learning-how-to-submit-assignments","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275552"}},{"articleId":275544,"title":"Collaborative Tools for Online Learning Group","slug":"collaborative-tools-for-online-learning-group","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275544"}},{"articleId":275538,"title":"How to Participate in Online Class Discussions","slug":"how-to-participate-in-online-class-discussions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275538"}},{"articleId":275532,"title":"Methods of Communicating in Online Classes","slug":"methods-of-communicating-in-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275532"}},{"articleId":275527,"title":"How to Calculate the Costs of Online Classes","slug":"how-to-calculate-the-costs-of-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275527"}}]},"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"isbn10":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[{"title":"For the Exam-Season Crammer","slug":"for-the-exam-season-crammer","collectionId":291934}],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624c83e28acfb\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624c83e28b232\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-01T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":171674},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:30:09+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-05T16:24:44+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-05T18:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"General (Study Skills & Test Prep)","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"},"slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33799}],"title":"Nine Ways to Make Any Exam Easier","strippedTitle":"nine ways to make any exam easier","slug":"nine-ways-to-make-any-exam-easier","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Learn what you can do to better tackle your exams, no matter how hard the subject (yes, even those involving math.)","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Exams, especially those covering basic maths, can be stressful and frustrating, and not many people enjoy doing them. But jumping through the hoops of an exam doesn’t have to be hard. If you can reach a point where you feel prepared, have a good, solid plan, and know how to relax, exams should hold no fear for you.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291927\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-291927\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/tim-gouw-1K9T5YiZ2WU-unsplash-2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Young Man Studying\" width=\"630\" height=\"421\" /> Tim Gouw @ Unsplash[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Know what you’re up against</h2>\r\nPractising on past papers is one of the most effective ways to prepare for an exam. Past papers give you a great idea of the kinds of questions that come up. Go through some exams from previous years – under your own self-imposed exam conditions if you want – and find out which bits you spend the most time on and where you can improve your understanding.\r\n\r\nThen focus on those areas for your next few study sessions before you try working on another past paper.\r\n\r\nMost exam boards let you download past papers from their websites, either free of charge or for a small fee. Some bookshops also sell books of past papers. Or try asking your college tutor if they have any papers you can practise on.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Practise the hard parts</h2>\r\nTry practising slightly harder questions than those you expect to see in the exam, so when you sit the real thing you think ‘Wow, this is easy!’ Don’t beat yourself up over what you can’t do. Just see what you can figure out and applaud yourself for questions you answer correctly.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Remember the basics</h2>\r\nHave you ever watched a football team train? Players spend hours practising short passes, turn-and-sprint, keep-ball and other routines that they’ve done since they could walk. The players haven’t forgotten how to run – they’re just practising what they spend most of their time in a match doing.\r\n\r\nTry warming up for your study sessions with something you find easy and will use over and over – perhaps some times tables or estimating exercises. Keep your hand in with the basics and you’ll find the more complicated topics easier.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Use the final few minutes before your exam</h2>\r\nIf you tend to forget simple things in exams, the <i>crib sheet</i> is your friend. On a piece of paper, write a few key points you need to remember. Then spend the last few minutes before your exam reading the crib sheet over and over again.\r\n\r\nYou can’t take the crib sheet into the exam room, but you can make notes. So, as soon as the examiner tells you to start writing, write down as much of the crib sheet as you can remember.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Don’t exhaust yourself</h2>\r\nIn every exam hall, you’ll always see at least one all-nighter zombie – someone who looks like death warmed up and then put back in the fridge, with bags under their eyes and hair like something out of a Tim Burton movie.\r\n\r\nYou can tell at a glance two things about this person: one, they’ve been up all night studying; and two, they won’t do well in the exam, even with their eyes propped open.\r\n\r\nBefore your exam, have a good breakfast and drink enough fluids. Your brain runs on this stuff. Trying to think when you’re hungry, thirsty or tired is like driving on fumes with no oil in the engine and no air in the tyres. No good can come of it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Think positive</h2>\r\nYour brain can be a bully – but it’s a bully with no substance behind it. If you assert yourself and say ‘Oh yes I can!’ or ‘Get out of my way, brain!’, you can overcome the self-doubt and low confidence that plague most people at some point.\r\n\r\nTell yourself ‘I’m smart, I’m capable, and I’m going to show me what I can do.’ You may be surprised how much better you do than when you listen to your inner bully.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Have a ritual</h2>\r\nHaving a starting ritual removes much of the worry and stress. You can create your own ritual by thinking about <i>exactly</i> what you’ll do when you sit down for the exam, and in what order. It doesn’t have to be complicated – something as simple as take a deep breath, imagine how great you’ll feel when you get your results, and then start reading the first question would work well.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Manage your time</h2>\r\nThe idea is not to spend too long on one question – if the answer doesn’t come out quickly, mark the question with a star and come back to it later.\r\n\r\nYou have limited time in the exam, so spend that time picking up marks you can definitely get before you spend time on marks you may get eventually. Getting to the end of the exam and finding you’ve missed three easy questions because you were looking at one hard one is a calamity.\r\n\r\nYou probably know the feeling of thinking really hard about something for ages, and then giving up, only for the answer to hit you halfway through your walk round the park later on. Leaving a question and coming back to it later can be a really efficient exam technique: as you work on the easier questions, your brain can still work on the harder questions in the background.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Guess if you need to</h2>\r\nIf time’s running out and you’ve got a minute to answer the last five multiple-choice questions, you don’t really have time to read the questions, let alone work out the answers. In this situation you have two possible approaches:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Miss out the questions and get a guaranteed zero for those questions.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Guess the answers and maybe pick up a few points.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nMaths tests usually aren’t negatively marked, so you don’t lose points for giving a wrong answer. If you guess when you don’t have time or are genuinely stuck, the worst that can happen is that you score no marks for that question.","description":"Exams, especially those covering basic maths, can be stressful and frustrating, and not many people enjoy doing them. But jumping through the hoops of an exam doesn’t have to be hard. If you can reach a point where you feel prepared, have a good, solid plan, and know how to relax, exams should hold no fear for you.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291927\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-291927\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/tim-gouw-1K9T5YiZ2WU-unsplash-2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Young Man Studying\" width=\"630\" height=\"421\" /> Tim Gouw @ Unsplash[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Know what you’re up against</h2>\r\nPractising on past papers is one of the most effective ways to prepare for an exam. Past papers give you a great idea of the kinds of questions that come up. Go through some exams from previous years – under your own self-imposed exam conditions if you want – and find out which bits you spend the most time on and where you can improve your understanding.\r\n\r\nThen focus on those areas for your next few study sessions before you try working on another past paper.\r\n\r\nMost exam boards let you download past papers from their websites, either free of charge or for a small fee. Some bookshops also sell books of past papers. Or try asking your college tutor if they have any papers you can practise on.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Practise the hard parts</h2>\r\nTry practising slightly harder questions than those you expect to see in the exam, so when you sit the real thing you think ‘Wow, this is easy!’ Don’t beat yourself up over what you can’t do. Just see what you can figure out and applaud yourself for questions you answer correctly.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Remember the basics</h2>\r\nHave you ever watched a football team train? Players spend hours practising short passes, turn-and-sprint, keep-ball and other routines that they’ve done since they could walk. The players haven’t forgotten how to run – they’re just practising what they spend most of their time in a match doing.\r\n\r\nTry warming up for your study sessions with something you find easy and will use over and over – perhaps some times tables or estimating exercises. Keep your hand in with the basics and you’ll find the more complicated topics easier.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Use the final few minutes before your exam</h2>\r\nIf you tend to forget simple things in exams, the <i>crib sheet</i> is your friend. On a piece of paper, write a few key points you need to remember. Then spend the last few minutes before your exam reading the crib sheet over and over again.\r\n\r\nYou can’t take the crib sheet into the exam room, but you can make notes. So, as soon as the examiner tells you to start writing, write down as much of the crib sheet as you can remember.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Don’t exhaust yourself</h2>\r\nIn every exam hall, you’ll always see at least one all-nighter zombie – someone who looks like death warmed up and then put back in the fridge, with bags under their eyes and hair like something out of a Tim Burton movie.\r\n\r\nYou can tell at a glance two things about this person: one, they’ve been up all night studying; and two, they won’t do well in the exam, even with their eyes propped open.\r\n\r\nBefore your exam, have a good breakfast and drink enough fluids. Your brain runs on this stuff. Trying to think when you’re hungry, thirsty or tired is like driving on fumes with no oil in the engine and no air in the tyres. No good can come of it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Think positive</h2>\r\nYour brain can be a bully – but it’s a bully with no substance behind it. If you assert yourself and say ‘Oh yes I can!’ or ‘Get out of my way, brain!’, you can overcome the self-doubt and low confidence that plague most people at some point.\r\n\r\nTell yourself ‘I’m smart, I’m capable, and I’m going to show me what I can do.’ You may be surprised how much better you do than when you listen to your inner bully.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Have a ritual</h2>\r\nHaving a starting ritual removes much of the worry and stress. You can create your own ritual by thinking about <i>exactly</i> what you’ll do when you sit down for the exam, and in what order. It doesn’t have to be complicated – something as simple as take a deep breath, imagine how great you’ll feel when you get your results, and then start reading the first question would work well.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Manage your time</h2>\r\nThe idea is not to spend too long on one question – if the answer doesn’t come out quickly, mark the question with a star and come back to it later.\r\n\r\nYou have limited time in the exam, so spend that time picking up marks you can definitely get before you spend time on marks you may get eventually. Getting to the end of the exam and finding you’ve missed three easy questions because you were looking at one hard one is a calamity.\r\n\r\nYou probably know the feeling of thinking really hard about something for ages, and then giving up, only for the answer to hit you halfway through your walk round the park later on. Leaving a question and coming back to it later can be a really efficient exam technique: as you work on the easier questions, your brain can still work on the harder questions in the background.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Guess if you need to</h2>\r\nIf time’s running out and you’ve got a minute to answer the last five multiple-choice questions, you don’t really have time to read the questions, let alone work out the answers. In this situation you have two possible approaches:\r\n<ul class=\"level-one\">\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Miss out the questions and get a guaranteed zero for those questions.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n \t<li>\r\n<p class=\"first-para\">Guess the answers and maybe pick up a few points.</p>\r\n</li>\r\n</ul>\r\nMaths tests usually aren’t negatively marked, so you don’t lose points for giving a wrong answer. If you guess when you don’t have time or are genuinely stuck, the worst that can happen is that you score no marks for that question.","blurb":"","authors":[],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33799,"title":"General (Study Skills & Test Prep)","slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Know what you’re up against","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Practise the hard parts","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Remember the basics","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Use the final few minutes before your exam","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Don’t exhaust yourself","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"Think positive","target":"#tab6"},{"label":"Have a ritual","target":"#tab7"},{"label":"Manage your time","target":"#tab8"},{"label":"Guess if you need to","target":"#tab9"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":275552,"title":"Online Learning: How to Submit Assignments","slug":"online-learning-how-to-submit-assignments","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275552"}},{"articleId":275544,"title":"Collaborative Tools for Online Learning Group","slug":"collaborative-tools-for-online-learning-group","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275544"}},{"articleId":275538,"title":"How to Participate in Online Class Discussions","slug":"how-to-participate-in-online-class-discussions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275538"}},{"articleId":275532,"title":"Methods of Communicating in Online Classes","slug":"methods-of-communicating-in-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275532"}},{"articleId":275527,"title":"How to Calculate the Costs of Online Classes","slug":"how-to-calculate-the-costs-of-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275527"}}]},"relatedBook":{"bookId":0,"slug":null,"isbn":null,"isbn10":null,"categoryList":null,"amazon":null,"image":null,"title":null,"testBankPinActivationLink":null,"bookOutOfPrint":false,"authorsInfo":null,"authors":null,"_links":null},"collections":[{"title":"For the Exam-Season Crammer","slug":"for-the-exam-season-crammer","collectionId":291934}],"articleAds":{"footerAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_adhesion_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624c83e276324\"></div></div>","rightAd":"<div class=\"du-ad-region row\" id=\"article_page_right_ad\"><div class=\"du-ad-unit col-md-12\" data-slot-id=\"article_page_right_ad\" data-refreshed=\"false\" \r\n data-target = \"[{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;cat&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[&quot;academics-the-arts&quot;,&quot;study-skills-test-prep&quot;,&quot;general-study-skills-test-prep&quot;]},{&quot;key&quot;:&quot;isbn&quot;,&quot;values&quot;:[null]}]\" id=\"du-slot-624c83e276821\"></div></div>"},"articleType":{"articleType":"Articles","articleList":null,"content":null,"videoInfo":{"videoId":null,"name":null,"accountId":null,"playerId":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"description":null,"uploadDate":null}},"sponsorship":{"sponsorshipPage":false,"backgroundImage":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0},"brandingLine":"","brandingLink":"","brandingLogo":{"src":null,"width":0,"height":0}},"primaryLearningPath":"Advance","lifeExpectancy":"Five years","lifeExpectancySetFrom":"2022-04-01T00:00:00+00:00","dummiesForKids":"no","sponsoredContent":"no","adInfo":"","adPairKey":[]},"status":"publish","visibility":"public","articleId":168782},{"headers":{"creationTime":"2016-03-26T15:56:48+00:00","modifiedTime":"2022-04-05T16:23:12+00:00","timestamp":"2022-04-05T18:01:06+00:00"},"data":{"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Academics & The Arts","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33662"},"slug":"academics-the-arts","categoryId":33662},{"name":"Study Skills & Test Prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33772"},"slug":"study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33772},{"name":"General (Study Skills & Test Prep)","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"},"slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","categoryId":33799}],"title":"Ten Things You Should Do the Night before a Test","strippedTitle":"ten things you should do the night before a test","slug":"ten-things-you-should-do-the-night-before-a-test","canonicalUrl":"","seo":{"metaDescription":"Tomorrow is the day, but don't stress yourself out. Follow these simple tips to prepare and ace those exams!","noIndex":0,"noFollow":0},"content":"Everything worth doing benefits from proper planning, and taking a test is no exception. The last chance a student has to influence the outcome of a test is the night before they take it. Here are ten must-dos to positively affect the outcome of a test.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291929\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-291929\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/c-d-x-85XLV4Po2mk-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"Man Studying at Night\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> C D-X @ Unsplash[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Eat a well-balanced meal</h2>\r\nIt’s a proven fact that what you eat will have an effect on your physical and mental performance. Avoid coffee and doughnuts or pizza and soda the night before a test. Grilled fish with steamed vegetables on the side, mixed fruit for dessert, and caffeine-free beverages throughout would be perfect. Greasy, heavy food can make you lethargic the morning after consumption. No alcoholic beverages of any kind should be consumed.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Get your stuff ready for the morning</h2>\r\nMake sure you have all the materials that you’re taking into the test ready. If a laptop or calculator is allowed, have it on the charger. Have more than one pencil or pen in hand. Pack a bottle of water and/or some candy for the nervous dry-mouth that can set in before an exam. Gather all your stuff together and have it ready to go the night before.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Lay out your clothes</h2>\r\nChoose an outfit that is layered and lay it out before retiring. You won’t have any control over the temperature of the testing area, so be prepared to add or subtract layers so you can be comfortable during the exam. Go for comfort, not style.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Review with a buddy</h2>\r\nSchedule a question-answer review of the testable material with a study buddy early in the evening to test your knowledge of the subject. Use it to identify the areas that need more effort. The review will also help you have confidence in your ability to do well on the test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Visualize a positive outcome</h2>\r\nAttitude affects test scores. Even with proper planning, too many people hurt their performance on a test because they just <i>know</i> that they're going to fail. Think positively and don’t embrace failure as an outcome. Don’t think that you might fail, know that you will succeed, and your performance will be the better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Make a morning pre-test plan</h2>\r\nList the things you need to do before the test. List everything that needs to happen and make sure there’s enough time to get it all done without creating stress. Don’t try to do too much; now is not the time to try to work in a load of laundry.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Set the alarm</h2>\r\nNo-brainer, huh? You’d be surprised how often this happens to well-intentioned people. Check your morning plan and get up early enough not to be rushed. Don’t rely on others to get you up.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Exercise before retiring</h2>\r\nA little light stretching and exercise will help you fall asleep faster and sleep soundly through the night. It also works out the tension you may be carrying after a day of studying and test prep. If you go to bed tense, you may wake up with a backache or headache — definitely not appreciated on the day of a test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Get a good night’s sleep</h2>\r\nDon’t burn the midnight oil the night before a test. The extra effort put into late-night studying will be offset by reduced mental performance due to lost sleep. It won’t help, so don’t try it. Call it a night and go to bed; your morning will be better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab10\" >Reward yourself</h2>\r\nTreat yourself right. Remember to schedule a little post-test celebration or other reward for all your hard work preparing for the test. Make it special. After all, you <i>are</i> worth it!","description":"Everything worth doing benefits from proper planning, and taking a test is no exception. The last chance a student has to influence the outcome of a test is the night before they take it. Here are ten must-dos to positively affect the outcome of a test.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_291929\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"630\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-291929\" src=\"https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/c-d-x-85XLV4Po2mk-unsplash-1.jpg\" alt=\"Man Studying at Night\" width=\"630\" height=\"420\" /> C D-X @ Unsplash[/caption]\r\n<h2 id=\"tab1\" >Eat a well-balanced meal</h2>\r\nIt’s a proven fact that what you eat will have an effect on your physical and mental performance. Avoid coffee and doughnuts or pizza and soda the night before a test. Grilled fish with steamed vegetables on the side, mixed fruit for dessert, and caffeine-free beverages throughout would be perfect. Greasy, heavy food can make you lethargic the morning after consumption. No alcoholic beverages of any kind should be consumed.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab2\" >Get your stuff ready for the morning</h2>\r\nMake sure you have all the materials that you’re taking into the test ready. If a laptop or calculator is allowed, have it on the charger. Have more than one pencil or pen in hand. Pack a bottle of water and/or some candy for the nervous dry-mouth that can set in before an exam. Gather all your stuff together and have it ready to go the night before.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab3\" >Lay out your clothes</h2>\r\nChoose an outfit that is layered and lay it out before retiring. You won’t have any control over the temperature of the testing area, so be prepared to add or subtract layers so you can be comfortable during the exam. Go for comfort, not style.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab4\" >Review with a buddy</h2>\r\nSchedule a question-answer review of the testable material with a study buddy early in the evening to test your knowledge of the subject. Use it to identify the areas that need more effort. The review will also help you have confidence in your ability to do well on the test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab5\" >Visualize a positive outcome</h2>\r\nAttitude affects test scores. Even with proper planning, too many people hurt their performance on a test because they just <i>know</i> that they're going to fail. Think positively and don’t embrace failure as an outcome. Don’t think that you might fail, know that you will succeed, and your performance will be the better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab6\" >Make a morning pre-test plan</h2>\r\nList the things you need to do before the test. List everything that needs to happen and make sure there’s enough time to get it all done without creating stress. Don’t try to do too much; now is not the time to try to work in a load of laundry.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab7\" >Set the alarm</h2>\r\nNo-brainer, huh? You’d be surprised how often this happens to well-intentioned people. Check your morning plan and get up early enough not to be rushed. Don’t rely on others to get you up.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab8\" >Exercise before retiring</h2>\r\nA little light stretching and exercise will help you fall asleep faster and sleep soundly through the night. It also works out the tension you may be carrying after a day of studying and test prep. If you go to bed tense, you may wake up with a backache or headache — definitely not appreciated on the day of a test.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab9\" >Get a good night’s sleep</h2>\r\nDon’t burn the midnight oil the night before a test. The extra effort put into late-night studying will be offset by reduced mental performance due to lost sleep. It won’t help, so don’t try it. Call it a night and go to bed; your morning will be better for it.\r\n<h2 id=\"tab10\" >Reward yourself</h2>\r\nTreat yourself right. Remember to schedule a little post-test celebration or other reward for all your hard work preparing for the test. Make it special. After all, you <i>are</i> worth it!","blurb":"","authors":[{"authorId":9656,"name":"Laura Larimer","slug":"laura-larimer","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/9656"}},{"authorId":8942,"name":"Abshier House","slug":"abshier-house","description":"","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/authors/8942"}}],"primaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":33799,"title":"General (Study Skills & Test Prep)","slug":"general-study-skills-test-prep","_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/categories/33799"}},"secondaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"tertiaryCategoryTaxonomy":{"categoryId":0,"title":null,"slug":null,"_links":null},"trendingArticles":null,"inThisArticle":[{"label":"Eat a well-balanced meal","target":"#tab1"},{"label":"Get your stuff ready for the morning","target":"#tab2"},{"label":"Lay out your clothes","target":"#tab3"},{"label":"Review with a buddy","target":"#tab4"},{"label":"Visualize a positive outcome","target":"#tab5"},{"label":"Make a morning pre-test plan","target":"#tab6"},{"label":"Set the alarm","target":"#tab7"},{"label":"Exercise before retiring","target":"#tab8"},{"label":"Get a good night’s sleep","target":"#tab9"},{"label":"Reward yourself","target":"#tab10"}],"relatedArticles":{"fromBook":[],"fromCategory":[{"articleId":275552,"title":"Online Learning: How to Submit Assignments","slug":"online-learning-how-to-submit-assignments","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275552"}},{"articleId":275544,"title":"Collaborative Tools for Online Learning Group","slug":"collaborative-tools-for-online-learning-group","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275544"}},{"articleId":275538,"title":"How to Participate in Online Class Discussions","slug":"how-to-participate-in-online-class-discussions","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275538"}},{"articleId":275532,"title":"Methods of Communicating in Online Classes","slug":"methods-of-communicating-in-online-classes","categoryList":["academics-the-arts","study-skills-test-prep","general-study-skills-test-prep"],"_links":{"self":"https://dummies-api.dummies.com/v2/articles/275532"}},{"articleId":275527,"title":"How to Calculate the Costs of Online 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Art & Architecture

Art & Architecture

History

History

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Humanities

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Language & Language Arts

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Law

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Math

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Music

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Performing Arts

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Political Science

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Study Skills & Test Prep

Teaching

Teaching

Articles From Academics & The Arts

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8,562 results
8,562 results
Environmental Science Environmental Science For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-07-2022

Environmental science is a field of study focused on Earth’s environment and the resources it provides to every living organism, including humans. Environmental scientists focus on studying the environment and everything in it and finding sustainable solutions to environmental issues. In particular, this means meeting the needs of human beings (and other organisms) today without damaging the environment, depleting resources, or compromising the earth’s ability to meet the resource needs of the future. A sustainable solution to an environmental problem must be ecologically sound, economically viable, and culturally acceptable. This Cheat Sheet summarizes some key aspects of what environmental scientists study.

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Botany Botany For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-07-2022

Botany is the study of plants. Plants are very similar to people in a lot of ways, but they also have some differences that can be hard to wrap your brain around. And, like any science class, botany can get a little overwhelming at times. So, here are a few items to help you grasp some of the big ideas in botany.

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General (Law) Law For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-06-2022

Deciphering the law can be a tricky thing, but you're not alone! Legal help (some free of charge) and information for understanding the law with things like debt, fraud, and discrimination are available through a wide variety of legal groups and government agencies.

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Pre-Calculus Pre-Calculus Workbook For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-06-2022

Pre-calculus uses the information you know from Algebra I and II and ratchets up the difficulty level to prepare you for calculus. This cheat sheet is designed to help you review key formulas and functions on the fly as you study. It includes formulas, the laws of logarithmic functions, trigonometric values of basic angles, conic section equations, and interval notation.

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Real Estate Licensure Exam Real Estate License Exams For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-05-2022

Taking a state real estate exam is necessary for becoming a licensed real estate agent. Every state requires real estate agents to have a license — and to take and pass a state examination to get that license. You need to cover a lot of ground in preparation for the test, but your efforts are well rewarded by a fun, exciting career.

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Saxophone Saxophone For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-05-2022

The saxophone has influenced many styles of music. Saxophonists have left their indelible mark on music, whether it’s in the big bands of Count Basie and Duke Ellington, Bill Haley’s legendary rock ’n’ roll band, or the funk master James Brown. And in the bossa nova song “The Girl from Ipanema,” the breathy sax is the icing on the cake. This Cheat Sheet provides some basic information to help you start playing the saxophone: buying or leasing a sax, sax parts and their functions, practicing with your sax, and playing a new sax song.

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GMAT GMAT For Dummies Cheat Sheet

Cheat Sheet / Updated 04-05-2022

When you take the GMAT, make sure you take the required items with you to the test. Use these guidelines to help you get through the math, critical reasoning, sentence correction, and reading comprehensions questions — as well as for writing your analytical essay and conquering integrated reasoning questions.

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General (Study Skills & Test Prep) Self-Bribery and Rewards Can Improve Your Study Focus

Article / Updated 04-05-2022

It can be very difficult to get down to studying if your mind wanders or you’re hungry or just plain bored. It’s easy to get distracted by email or Youtube. It can help your concentration if you build in small bribes and treats to break up your studying, provide goals and give you something to look forward to. A few examples of how to treat yourself You know yourself and what can motivate you, but the following list offers a few suggestions that might help you complete a task or work consistently (with coffee/tea or loo breaks included) for a couple of hours. Promise yourself the reward and make sure you deliver. A relaxing bath with scented bath oil, alternatively, do the washing up with lots of lovely suds and hot water to blow bubbles with as well, if you’re short of time. 45 minutes in the pub with friends, back in time to get to bed before 11.00 p.m. A really delicious oral indulgence – dark chocolate coated ginger, seaweed peanuts, chewy salami – taking time out to savour whatever you fancy. A quick spot of window-shopping nearby in the early evening, when it’s quiet, to look at that great dress, jacket or pair of shoes. Television break to catch the news for half an hour or watch a favourite soap. 30 minutes to listen to some favourite music – really listen, not as a background to revision. 15 minutes to knead dough with your hands, or rub butter and sugar into flour to make breadcrumbs for crumble. (These can be put in the fridge to bake the next day.) It’s very tactile and relaxing. Half an hour or so to read a chapter of a thriller or other non-revision reading. A foot or shoulder massage to your flatmate and get them to return the favour. Time to stroke the cat/dog that lives nearby, or any other furry, accessible creature. Ten minutes to stand in front of a window and practise deep breathing, especially on days when you won’t go out till later in the day. Listen to ‘A Book at Bedtime’ (on BBC Radio Four) in bed. Being read to conjures up feelings of warmth and security in many people. Make sure you get out every day, even for a short period of time, for a change of air and scenery. More things to consider Little bribes and treats should include some that appeal to several senses as these can help you relax as well. They will also work as markers or a framework on either side of the revision you are doing and help you remember it. You will also find that you can get more out of the time between treats than you could if you just carried on working, with no breaks or ‘bribes’. This is where you hit the rule of diminishing returns. You need to spend more time to learn less if you don’t build in breaks and little escapes after an hour or so of concentrated work.

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General (Study Skills & Test Prep) Nine Ways to Make Any Exam Easier

Article / Updated 04-05-2022

Exams, especially those covering basic maths, can be stressful and frustrating, and not many people enjoy doing them. But jumping through the hoops of an exam doesn’t have to be hard. If you can reach a point where you feel prepared, have a good, solid plan, and know how to relax, exams should hold no fear for you. Know what you’re up against Practising on past papers is one of the most effective ways to prepare for an exam. Past papers give you a great idea of the kinds of questions that come up. Go through some exams from previous years – under your own self-imposed exam conditions if you want – and find out which bits you spend the most time on and where you can improve your understanding. Then focus on those areas for your next few study sessions before you try working on another past paper. Most exam boards let you download past papers from their websites, either free of charge or for a small fee. Some bookshops also sell books of past papers. Or try asking your college tutor if they have any papers you can practise on. Practise the hard parts Try practising slightly harder questions than those you expect to see in the exam, so when you sit the real thing you think ‘Wow, this is easy!’ Don’t beat yourself up over what you can’t do. Just see what you can figure out and applaud yourself for questions you answer correctly. Remember the basics Have you ever watched a football team train? Players spend hours practising short passes, turn-and-sprint, keep-ball and other routines that they’ve done since they could walk. The players haven’t forgotten how to run – they’re just practising what they spend most of their time in a match doing. Try warming up for your study sessions with something you find easy and will use over and over – perhaps some times tables or estimating exercises. Keep your hand in with the basics and you’ll find the more complicated topics easier. Use the final few minutes before your exam If you tend to forget simple things in exams, the crib sheet is your friend. On a piece of paper, write a few key points you need to remember. Then spend the last few minutes before your exam reading the crib sheet over and over again. You can’t take the crib sheet into the exam room, but you can make notes. So, as soon as the examiner tells you to start writing, write down as much of the crib sheet as you can remember. Don’t exhaust yourself In every exam hall, you’ll always see at least one all-nighter zombie – someone who looks like death warmed up and then put back in the fridge, with bags under their eyes and hair like something out of a Tim Burton movie. You can tell at a glance two things about this person: one, they’ve been up all night studying; and two, they won’t do well in the exam, even with their eyes propped open. Before your exam, have a good breakfast and drink enough fluids. Your brain runs on this stuff. Trying to think when you’re hungry, thirsty or tired is like driving on fumes with no oil in the engine and no air in the tyres. No good can come of it. Think positive Your brain can be a bully – but it’s a bully with no substance behind it. If you assert yourself and say ‘Oh yes I can!’ or ‘Get out of my way, brain!’, you can overcome the self-doubt and low confidence that plague most people at some point. Tell yourself ‘I’m smart, I’m capable, and I’m going to show me what I can do.’ You may be surprised how much better you do than when you listen to your inner bully. Have a ritual Having a starting ritual removes much of the worry and stress. You can create your own ritual by thinking about exactly what you’ll do when you sit down for the exam, and in what order. It doesn’t have to be complicated – something as simple as take a deep breath, imagine how great you’ll feel when you get your results, and then start reading the first question would work well. Manage your time The idea is not to spend too long on one question – if the answer doesn’t come out quickly, mark the question with a star and come back to it later. You have limited time in the exam, so spend that time picking up marks you can definitely get before you spend time on marks you may get eventually. Getting to the end of the exam and finding you’ve missed three easy questions because you were looking at one hard one is a calamity. You probably know the feeling of thinking really hard about something for ages, and then giving up, only for the answer to hit you halfway through your walk round the park later on. Leaving a question and coming back to it later can be a really efficient exam technique: as you work on the easier questions, your brain can still work on the harder questions in the background. Guess if you need to If time’s running out and you’ve got a minute to answer the last five multiple-choice questions, you don’t really have time to read the questions, let alone work out the answers. In this situation you have two possible approaches: Miss out the questions and get a guaranteed zero for those questions. Guess the answers and maybe pick up a few points. Maths tests usually aren’t negatively marked, so you don’t lose points for giving a wrong answer. If you guess when you don’t have time or are genuinely stuck, the worst that can happen is that you score no marks for that question.

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General (Study Skills & Test Prep) Ten Things You Should Do the Night before a Test

Article / Updated 04-05-2022

Everything worth doing benefits from proper planning, and taking a test is no exception. The last chance a student has to influence the outcome of a test is the night before they take it. Here are ten must-dos to positively affect the outcome of a test. Eat a well-balanced meal It’s a proven fact that what you eat will have an effect on your physical and mental performance. Avoid coffee and doughnuts or pizza and soda the night before a test. Grilled fish with steamed vegetables on the side, mixed fruit for dessert, and caffeine-free beverages throughout would be perfect. Greasy, heavy food can make you lethargic the morning after consumption. No alcoholic beverages of any kind should be consumed. Get your stuff ready for the morning Make sure you have all the materials that you’re taking into the test ready. If a laptop or calculator is allowed, have it on the charger. Have more than one pencil or pen in hand. Pack a bottle of water and/or some candy for the nervous dry-mouth that can set in before an exam. Gather all your stuff together and have it ready to go the night before. Lay out your clothes Choose an outfit that is layered and lay it out before retiring. You won’t have any control over the temperature of the testing area, so be prepared to add or subtract layers so you can be comfortable during the exam. Go for comfort, not style. Review with a buddy Schedule a question-answer review of the testable material with a study buddy early in the evening to test your knowledge of the subject. Use it to identify the areas that need more effort. The review will also help you have confidence in your ability to do well on the test. Visualize a positive outcome Attitude affects test scores. Even with proper planning, too many people hurt their performance on a test because they just know that they're going to fail. Think positively and don’t embrace failure as an outcome. Don’t think that you might fail, know that you will succeed, and your performance will be the better for it. Make a morning pre-test plan List the things you need to do before the test. List everything that needs to happen and make sure there’s enough time to get it all done without creating stress. Don’t try to do too much; now is not the time to try to work in a load of laundry. Set the alarm No-brainer, huh? You’d be surprised how often this happens to well-intentioned people. Check your morning plan and get up early enough not to be rushed. Don’t rely on others to get you up. Exercise before retiring A little light stretching and exercise will help you fall asleep faster and sleep soundly through the night. It also works out the tension you may be carrying after a day of studying and test prep. If you go to bed tense, you may wake up with a backache or headache — definitely not appreciated on the day of a test. Get a good night’s sleep Don’t burn the midnight oil the night before a test. The extra effort put into late-night studying will be offset by reduced mental performance due to lost sleep. It won’t help, so don’t try it. Call it a night and go to bed; your morning will be better for it. Reward yourself Treat yourself right. Remember to schedule a little post-test celebration or other reward for all your hard work preparing for the test. Make it special. After all, you are worth it!

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